There are also areas of natural wonders, as well as regions of geological, archaeological, or historical significance. The Dogon also plant and maintain a variety of useful trees such as date palms. Interest in other seemingly falsifiable claims, namely concerning a red dwarf star orbiting around Sirius (not hypothesized until the 1950s), led him to entertain a previous challenge by Temple, asserting that "Temple offered another line of reasoning. Orientation, Kota Animals are kept more as a symbol of wealth and prestige than for economic necessity. The Mali landscape around Dogon (Spooner, J / CC BY 2.0 ). As sacred leader of the Lebe cult he oversees the important planting and Every four days, Dogon people participate in markets with neighboring tribes, such as the Fulani and the Dyula. 1000-1500 AD, Dogon Sculpture, Mali. Within Dogon culture, an individuals status is determined by position within a family group according to rules of descent and age. Fruit trees are valued possessions, and although they may be sold, the previous owner reserves the ownership of the field in which they are planted for his own use. & E.I.K. Durieux-Boon (2004). The most ancient dialects are dyamsay and tombo, the former being most frequently used for traditional prayers and ritual chants. [25] There has been extensive speculation about the origin of such astronomical knowledge. Among the Dogon, several oral traditions have been recorded as to their origin. Let us know if you have suggestions to improve this article (requires login). [2], The hogon has a key role in village rituals and in ensuring fertility[3] and germination. The Dogon are primarily agriculturalists and cultivate millet, sorghum and rice, as well as onions, tobacco, peanuts, and some other vegetables. Within the Cite this article tool, pick a style to see how all available information looks when formatted according to that style. After being chosen, a hogon must pass through several months without washing or shaving. Masked dances and masquerades at funerals are a feature of their culture for which they are well known. During the yincomoli ceremony, a gourd is smashed over the deceased's wooden bowl, hoe, and bundukamba (burial blanket). They were, however, frequently raided by local Muslims who killed the men and enslaved the women and children. The souls of the just reach paradise, Ardyenne, or the house of god (Amma ginu ), where they live an existence analogous to that which they lived on earth. Individuals with high status may own a small number of cattle.[30]. The colour white was a symbol of males. ." [53], Robert Todd Carroll also states that a more likely source of the knowledge of the Sirius star system is from contemporary, terrestrial sources who provided information to interested members of the tribes. [4], The hogon is central to a wide range of fertility and marriage rituals, which are closely related to Dogon origin myths. WebThe Dogon are renowned for their attachment to African Culture and traditions, and in Mali, I have witnessed many difficult mental illnesses being cured by Dogon healers, called the Hogon, which is the name for the Dogon priest. Due to the expense, the second traditional funeral rituals, or "damas", are becoming very rare. In the past the Dogon were considered a warlike people; they often fought with other Dogon districts as well as with their non-Dogon neighbors such as the Fulani. A unique architecture was adapted to the local environment by using mud bricks (adobe) to build tower-like buildings in the most unlikely places on the Cliff of Bandiagara, including rock shelters. WebThe social and cultural traditions of the Dogon are among the best preserved of sub-saharan Africa, despite certain important irreversible socio-economic mutations. The traditional dama consists of a masquerade intended to lead the souls of the departed to their final resting places, through a series of ritual dances and rites. After being chosen, a hogon must pass through several months without washing or shaving. Although some Dogon accepted the new regime, many strongly opposed and resisted it for many years. Archaeological evidence indicates that the Dogon moved into the region of the Bandiagara escarpment in the fifteenth or sixteenth century, probably as a result of the breakup of the Mali Empire at the beginning of the fifteenth century. Then, copy and paste the text into your bibliography or works cited list. The Dogon believes that the sacred serpent Lebe comes during the night to purify him and communicate wisdom to him. Dogon society is composed of several different sects: Villages are built along escarpments and near a source of water. Each isolated village or district (canton) in the region has a headman or chief (hogon) who has both religious and judicial responsibilities. Afterwards, the boys stay for a few days in a hut separated from the rest of the village people, until the wounds have healed. Location. There are twelve categories of disease considered treatable, each with its own specific healer who has special knowledge of the specific plant that will bring about a cure. They chose to migrate to the area, refusing to convert to Islam, and they still remain fiercely protective of their culture. Question: Discuss why you would or would not like to be selected as the Hogan within the Dogon culture. Then the Dogon who has entered the contact repeats the ritual, asking the resident how his or her whole family is. 'Sigi' is a society-wide ritual to honor and recognize the first ancestors. [57] A more recent study using advanced infrared imaging concluded that the probability of the existence of a triple star system for Sirius is "now low" but could not be ruled out because the region within 5 AU of Sirius A had not been covered.[58]. For instance, in one of their most important rituals, the women praise the men, the men thank the women, the young express appreciation for the old, and the old recognize the contributions of the young. They speak the Dogon languages, which are considered to constitute an independent branch of the WebMost Dogon sculptures are carved for personal or family use, to commemorate the founding of a community, or for community worship. Nearby is a cave where music instruments are stored. A Hogon is a spiritual leader in a Dogon village who play an important role in Dogon religion . The Dogon are an ethnic group in Mali, with some unusual mythology and cultural practices. A good knowledge of French would be helpful when visiting the area, but a multi-lingual guide would be able to translate for anyone unable to speak the language. Were theonlyPop Archaeology site combining scientific research with out-of-the-box perspectives. Orientation A man may now sell a field allotted to him in the distribution of ginna property, but the sale is always revocable, and the ginna may recover the property upon the death of the seller through the reimbursement of the purchase price to the buyer. Dieterlen, G., 1955. The Iliad can provide new insights on the role of motherhood among the ancient Greek gods, and by extension, amongst ancient mortal Greek women themselves. Heaven on Earth? There are over 200 Dogon villages across the escarpment and each village has a democratically elected headman (Hogon), who is also their spiritual leader. Trade. Grain is stored in granaries. After Mali's independence from France in 1960, a 40-kilometer road was built from Bandiagara to Sanga, which further disrupted traditional life. [4], The principal Dogon area is bisected by the Bandiagara Escarpment, a sandstone cliff of up to 500 metres (1,600ft) high, stretching about 150km (90 miles). "[55] Additionally, James Clifford notes that Griaule sought informants best qualified to speak of traditional lore, and deeply mistrusted converts to Christianity, Islam, or people with too much contact with whites. Political Organization. According to Ogotemmli's description of them, the Nummo, whom he also referred to as "Water", had green skinned covered in green hair, and in form were like human from the loins up, but serpent below. The Dogon are strongly oriented toward harmony, which is reflected in many of their rituals. The Dogon people with whom French anthropologists Griaule and Germaine Dieterlen worked during the 1930s and 1940s had a system of signs which ran into the thousands, including "their own systems of astronomy and calendrical measurements, methods of calculation and extensive anatomical and physiological knowledge, as well as a systematic pharmacopoeia". 15th19th century. Such persons must submit to a number. In the early 1960s the Dogon population was 250,000more than a threefold increase over roughly a forty-year period from the census of 1921, which listed a population of 81,862. This was to prevent a being like the Jackal from ever being born on Earth again. [22] They were primarily symbolized by the sun, which was a female symbol in the religion. The Dogon migrated after the empire's collapse to the cliffs of the Bandiagara plateau. The development of tourism in the Dogon Country and the Hombori Mountains (Mali) . Marriage. The name of the country was changed to "French Sudan," and French administrators levied taxes and introduced currency reforms (e.g., French francs to replace the native cowrie shells). In addition to the MLA, Chicago, and APA styles, your school, university, publication, or institution may have its own requirements for citations. Following French rule, this concept was modified to allow individual ownership of property. Each district had its own recognized war leaders. [37] Women have no right to learn Sigui So. Pick a style below, and copy the text for your bibliography. While the castes are correlated to profession, membership is determined by birth. "hogon | African religious leader | Britannica", https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hogon&oldid=1122616271, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 3.0, This page was last edited on 18 November 2022, at 14:57. The yingim and the danyim rituals each last a few days. In the Dogon language, the sun's name (nay) had the same root as "mother" (na) and "cow" (n). From the mythical stroy of creation from the Dogon culture, hogon is seen as the spiritual leader of the Dogon social culture. Updates? There is no indigenous political integration above the local (village) or district level. "The Nummo foresaw that the original rule of twin births was bound to disappear, and that errors might result comparable to those of the jackal, whose birth was single. WebThe hogon, the Dogons' spiritual elders and high priests, preside over Lebe ceremonies. 16th-20th Century. Erosion of the sandstone has left a number of remarkable features, such as caves, rock shelters, and dunes. In general, Dogon kinship terminology is characterized by a classificatory system of "vocatives," terms of reference based on politeness and respective age of the interlocutor, and a descriptive system expressed by "determinatives," by means of which a third person is apprised of the relationship that exists between the speaker and the individual addressed. Divorce is not uncommon; it occurs most often in polygynous households. Religious Beliefs. "[49], Griaule's daughter Genevive Calame-Griaule responded in a later issue, arguing that Van Beek did not go "through the appropriate steps for acquiring knowledge" and suggesting that van Beek's Dogon informants may have thought that he had been "sent by the political and administrative authorities to test the Dogon's Muslim orthodoxy". The Dogon religion was centered on this loss of twinness or androgyny. Cite this article Pick a style below, and copy the text for your bibliography. Their eyes were red, their tongues forked, and their arms flexible and unjointed.[21]. This led Mr. Temple to establish the theory that, according to Nommos, extraterrestrial inhabitants of Sirius travelled towards the earth at some point in the distant past, and one crossed to teach the old civilizations (the Egyptians and the Dogons) their Ciarcia, Gaetano "Dogons et Dogon. Archaeologists have been able to take a closer look at one of the United Kingdoms most famous shipwrecks. Davis, Shawn R. Dogon Funerals in African Art; Summer 2002, Vol. Following the birth of the child, the couple moves into an unoccupied dwelling in the husband's village and quarter. In the shadowy world of ancient warfare, one weapon stood out as a true marvel: Greek fire. It was first inhabited by the Tellem, Stone Age hunters, at least 10,000 years ago. We seek to retell the story of our beginnings. Once a boy is circumcised, he transitions into young adulthood and moves out of his father's house. Tellem textiles: archaeological finds from burial caves in Mali's Bandiagara Cliff, Available at: https://www.africabib.org/rec.php?RID=084681896, Douglas, M. (1968). The Dogon are primarily agriculturists, their principal crops being millet, sorghum, rice, onions, beans, tobacco, and sorrel. The Beast with an insatiable Hunger for Human Flesh, Film Footage Provides Intimate View of HMS Gloucester Shipwreck, Top 8 Legendary Parties - Iconic Celebrations in Ancient History, The Spanish Inquisition: The Truth Behind the Black Legend (Part II), The Spanish Inquisition: The Truth behind the Dark Legend (Part I), Bloodthirsty Buddhists: The Sohei Warrior Monks of Feudal Japan, Caesars Savage Human Skewers Unearthed In German Fort. The degree of complexity of the ceremonies depends upon the age and status of the deceased male. There are three principal Within the village, individual houses are set around a rocky, irregularly shaped open space and separated from neighboring houses by stone walls. Top image: Cliff of Bandiagara Source: Public Domain, Bolland, R. (1991). 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Until the dama is completed, the soul of the deceased wanders on the southern outskirts of the village, sometimes in the bush or around its former dwelling. The answer is sewa, which means that everything is fine. Every Dogon village or clan has its own totem. https://www.encyclopedia.com/humanities/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/dogon, Beierle, John "Dogon Boys are circumcised in age groups of three years, counting for example all boys between 9 and 12 years old. The Dogon numbered 500,000 on the eve of Malis independence on There are two endogamous castes in Dogon society: the smiths and the leather-workers. . [45], Griaule and Dieterlen were puzzled by this Sudanese star system, and prefaced their analysis with the disclaimer, "The problem of knowing how, with no instruments at their disposal, men could know the movements and certain characteristics of virtually invisible stars has not been settled, nor even posed. [12], It is often difficult to distinguish between pre-Muslim practices and later practices. In comparison with the neighboring Fulani, animal husbandry is relatively unimportant. WebDiscuss why you would or would not like to be selected as the Hogan within the Dogon culture. The blacksmith, set apart by his caste, has no rights in the village and lives entirely on the proceeds of the sale of his goods to other villagers. Therefore, be sure to refer to those guidelines when editing your bibliography or works cited list. [citation needed] Divorce is more common in polygynous marriages than in monogamous marriages. Although Temple fails to prove its antiquity, the evidence for the recent acquisition of the information is still entirely circumstantial. Ogotemmli classified the Nummo as hermaphrodites. WebDiscuss why you would or would not like to be selected as the Hogan within the Dogon culture. In addition to agriculture, the women gather wild fruits, tubers, nuts, and honey in the bush outside of village borders. van Beek (text) (2001). Today, at least 35% of the Dogon practice Islam. The household is usually an extended family consisting of both nuclear and polygynous units. [Editor's Note: In this article the established spellings of Kota words have been retained, al, ETHNONYMS: none And then there are special sites such as this, which boast all these features. When Digitaria is closest to Sirius, that star brightens: when it is farthest from Sirius, it gives off a twinkling effect that suggests to the observer several stars. With the settlement origins dating back at least 8,000 years, it is one of the worlds oldest continuously inhabited cities in the Not many people know of the Gambia. The dama consists of an event, known as the Halic, that is held immediately after the death of a person and lasts for one day (Davis, 68). The largest ginnas are subdivided into several families, or tire togo (sing.). Among the interesting Dogon buildings are communal meeting houses for men (Togu Na) and the grinna, which are family homes. WebAlthough the Dogon recognize the creator god Amma as the Supreme Being and address prayers and sacrifices to him, the core set of beliefs and practices focuses on ancestor Paris: Presses Universitaires de France. According to Dogon belief, they (hogon) are the "oldest direct descendant of the original ancestor." Clusters of from 5 to 6 of these villages center around water holes or wells, and each cluster is referred to as a "canton" or "district." Marriage into the occupational castessuch as that of blacksmithsis strongly prohibited. There are at least five distinct groups of dialects. Since the twentieth century, there have been significant changes in the social organisation, material culture and beliefs of the Dogon, in part because Dogon country is one of Mali's major tourist attractions. The ritual language, "Sigi so" or "language of the Sigui", which was taught to male dignitaries of the Society of the Masks ("awa"), was considered a poor language. The wet season begins in June and continues through October, with cool and hot dry seasons the remainder of the year. Very much like the lyrics of the famous Elizabeth "Jane" Shore was a fiery and charismatic Englishwoman who made a name for herself as one of the many sultry mistresses of the handsome and powerful English king, Edward IV. During this time, new masks are carved and dedicated to their ancestors. In a polygynous marriage, the wives reside in separate houses within the husband's compound. There are also two types of granaries - male granaries with a pointed roof is where seeds are stored, and female granaries (without points) are where the women of this society (who are economically independent from their husbands), store their personal belongings. Similarly each village may have their own way of performing the dama rituals. I have written a book and several peer reviewed journal articles. The virgin is replaced by one of his wives, and she also returns to her home at night. He is in effect a priest (hogon ), who exercises ceremonial functions on behalf of the lineage, and, in conjunction with a council of elders, judicial functions as well. Dogon funeral rituals come in two parts. Medicine. In addition to the priests and religious functionaries of the various cults, there are seers or visionaries (kumogu ) and diviners. Village population size ranges from from 27 to 476 inhabitants (an average of 160); villagers are housed in 7 to 135 buildings (an average of 44). "[24] The removal of the second sex and soul from humans is what the ritual of circumcision represents in the Dogon religion. While there is not a great deal of accommodation near the Cliff of Bandiagara (Dogon County), there is some in nearby towns. Starting with the French anthropologist Marcel Griaule, several authors have claimed that Dogon traditional religion incorporates details about extrasolar astronomical bodies that could not have been discerned from naked-eye observation. Dogon art consists primarily of sculptures. Although inheritance today is strictly patrilineal, formerly there was a tradition of matrilineal inheritance (by sister's son). He was eaten by another nommo, and their spirits merged; the nommo vomited out a new Lebe (part human and part spiritual), plus copious liquid which shaped the landscape.[7]. She returns to her home at night. 32, No. The Hogon has to live alone in his house. [11] Other oral histories place the origin of the Dogon to the west beyond the river Niger, or tell of the Dogon coming from the east. The Dogon territory extends from approximately 1315 to 1500 N and from 130 to 400 W. The population is concentrated in some 300 villages along a 145-kilometer stretch of escarpment called the Cliffs of Bandiagara. [citation needed] After a couple has had children together, divorce is a rare and serious matter, and it requires the participation of the whole village. This enigmatic figure is an ancestor figure from the Dogon people of Mali. Industrial Arts. They purchase sugar, salt, European merchandise, and many animal products, such as milk, butter, and dried fish. Inheritance. Kin Groups and Descent. Dogon art revolves around religious values, ideals, and freedoms (Laude, 19). It contained only about a quarter of the full vocabulary of "Dogo so", the Dogon language. Houses are built extremely close together, many times sharing walls and floors. Because of his solitary state, the first son of God acted as he did. The Dogon live in compact, occasionally walled villages built up the sides of the escarpment. The Hogon The Hogon is an elderly male, spiritual leader of the Dogon village who lives alone in a hut constructed, furnished, and decorated to symbolize the universe. The orbit cycle takes 50 years. Many artifacts have been located in caves and sanctuaries in the area which are helping experts to better understand the history and the societies of the Cliff of Bandiagara. Those who follow this spiritual path believe in one Supreme Creator, Amma (or Ama [9] ), [10] the omnipotent, omniscient and omnipresent Creator. 5 (December 1991), pp. Nobody should touch the hogon. Age stratification in the form of age brotherhoods is also recognized by the Dogon; the age brotherhood (tumo ) figures primarily in the batono rite during the annual sowing festival. ETHNONYM: Panjabi Because the word sewa is so commonly repeated throughout a Dogon village, neighboring peoples have dubbed the Dogon the sewa people. Each caste is endogamous, and members do not take part in any of the common religious cults. The Mausoleum of Khoja Ahmed Yasawi is a monument in Turkestan, a city in southern Kazakhstan. The other factor influencing their choice of settlement location was access to water. The curvilinear design and the accompanying child suggest a female. [citation needed] The selection of a wife is carried out by the man's parents. An enlarged family can count up to a hundred persons and is called guinna. Although the Dogon recognize the creator god Amma as the Supreme Being and address prayers and sacrifices to him, the core set of beliefs and practices focuses on ancestor worship. Although this headman is considered to be the direct descendant in the senior male line of the traditional founder, all the other inhabitants of the village/district also bear patrilineal kinship ties to that traditional ancestor. The Dogon languages show few remnants of a unique noun class system, an example of which is that human nouns take a distinct plural suffix. Influence from Tellem art is evident in Dogon art because of its rectilinear designs (Laude, 24). Their images or figures appeared on the female side of the Dogon sanctuary. The birth of human twins was celebrated in the Dogon culture in Griaule's day because it recalled the "fabulous past, when all beings came into existence in twos, symbols of the balance between humans and the divine". In a recent overview of the NigerCongo family, Dogon is treated as an independent branch.[3]. Although the importance of the tumo is gradually decreasing, age remains a key status factor. Of the native fauna in the region, large carnivores and ruminants have become rare, with only a few medium-sized mammals being found in the cliffs. Dogon lineage is patrilineal, meaning 575577, Index of African mythology and creation narratives, List of African deities and mythical figures, Traditional African religion and other religions, "Population dynamics and Paleoclimate over the past 3000 years in the Dogon Country, Mali", "Did the Dogon of Mali know about Sirius B? The first occurs immediately after the death of a person, and the second can occur years after the death. [54] James Oberg, however, citing these suspicions notes their completely speculative nature, writing that, "The obviously advanced astronomical knowledge must have come from somewhere, but is it an ancient bequest or a modern graft? The smallest country of mainland Africa, this small nation can seem quite unremarkable at first glance, being confined only to the length of the Gambia River and Shambhala, which is a Sanskrit word meaning place of peace or place of silence, is a mythical paradise spoken of in ancient texts, including the Kalachakra Tantra and the ancient scriptures of the Zhang Zhung culture which predated Tibetan Buddhism in western Tibet. Sugar, salt, European merchandise, and members do not take part in any the... Reside in separate houses within the Cite this article ( requires login ) evident in religion... The year to be selected as the Hogan within the Dogon live compact! Na ) and diviners to take a closer look at one of the original ancestor. the shadowy of. Yingim and the Hombori Mountains ( Mali ) expense, the Dogon live in compact, occasionally walled Villages up. Were, however, frequently raided by local Muslims who killed the men and enslaved the women and.! 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