It is not likely that we would now call it Halleys sun. And, finally, you can ask if the explanation is sufficiently simple. Vitamin C is an antioxidant, but exactly how does that connect with the bodys immunity to the cold virus?). e. b and d, According to research, which of the following statements concerning spectator aggression is (are) true? 1& 0\\ The Earth is surrounded by a sea of air that decreases uniformly in pressure as altitude increases. The empirical method of study is based on ________. Which occurs more frequentlyburglars or butterfingers? It includes the presumption of causation. It is the best understanding that we have of that part of the natural world. An argument whose correct form, assuming that P is the explanation and Q is the observable outcome, is this: An explanation that can apply to a wide range of observable outcomes. Part Four: Evaluating the Truth of the Premises. For a solution to be termed a scientific hypothesis, it has to be an idea that can be supported or refuted through carefully crafted experimentation or observation. Not too badly, if we compare the frequencies of each. Suppose your friend, having slept in the car during the trip and being unaware of the altitude, argues, Hey, this water boiled quickly, so we must be well above sea level. This is an explanatory argument, and the conclusion bears no resemblance to the premise. Gilbert Harman is associated with the phrase. The researchers suggest that the ticket-happy cops may simply be suffering from loss of sleep, which has been shown to increase irritability and aggressiveness. An engaging and more detailed account of this experiment can be found in Keith Arnolds Pascals Great Experiment,. This is no problem if your subjective expectations are exactly in accord with the evidence. A deductive process based on testable and measurable events. We can also ask the same of singular explanations, although one way of asking it of singular explanations is to ask whether this sort of thing is known to have happened before and whether it occurs more frequently than the alternative explanations. Explanatory/ Causal /Bivariate Hypothesis. The problem, the supervisor decided, simply stemmed from somebodys mishandling of the frame. This makes good sense, because the probability of the explanation after you make a judgment about the observable outcome would roughly be your assessment of the soundness of the argument and it is too soon to make that judgment. Aha! you say, Someone is casing the joint and now knows not to burglarize us, since someone answered the phone! This explanation is the sort of thing that is known to happenburglars do sometimes call ahead to see if anyone is homeso it is not implausibly low. Chemical analyses of this particular meteorite, however, established that it was only 1.3 billion years old and made of cooled lava. From 20 percent to 25 percent more eggs under the filters hatched successfully than those that were unshielded. , I can remember, not long ago, listening to a pal rail about a mutual friends apparently overwhelming need to flirt with every man in a given room. This is solid evidence for the existence of the so-called sophomore jinx. It just plain disappeared. No more mice. For a hypothesis to be a scientific hypothesis, the scientific method requires that one can test it. Functionalist psychologists focus on the function of behavior and ________. observation - question - hypotheses - predictions - results of investigation - conclusions Which are true of a hypothesis? General explanationan explanation that can apply to a wide range of observable outcomes. Abbys argument remains moderately strong. Which of the following exemplifies the empirical method? It is an argument. There are, however, several useful strategies that we will discuss next. . All of these. (In the spring of 1983, the topographical feature was officially named Pointe Bernard Shaw). Several of the younger trees by Beaver Creek stream are now nothing more than two-foot posts sticking out of the ground; the treetops are nowhere around, and the top of each stump comes to a curious point. It was a remarkably precise predictionpreposterous, really, given the rarity of comets, unless one made the assumption of Newtons celestial mechanics. What is the name given to this step of the scientific method? With total restriction of fluids, death follows in 24 hours. While waiting for my clothes to dry, I slipped into a robe hanging on a hook in the bathroom, and I must have thoughtlessly put my pipe into the pocket. a. with the intent to harm physically. An hypothesis is an idea that gives a tentative or temporary explanation to a phenomena. It includes the presumption of causation. Clearly an army doctor, then. If you evaluate the probability of the appearance of the comet but include in your background evidence the assumption that Newton is correct, then (setting aside the problem this would probably be the fallacy of begging the question) the probability of the 1758 comet would be very highit is, after all, derived from the Newtonian explanation as its outcome! If Newtons account of celestial mechanics is correct and applies to the motion of comets, then a comet with an orbit similar to the 1530 and 1606 comets will appear in December 1758. WebThe explanatory hypothesis is the heart of the case formulation. But the extremely high prior probability of the outcome renders the argument logically useless. He had a maritime tattoo, a military carriage, regulation side-whiskers, and an air of command. Wilhelm Wundt, Sigmund Freud, Noam Chomsky. The first part of the total evidence condition is that the observable outcome must have a low prior epistemic probability. I subconsciously wanted the test to succeed, so I tended not to count less severe colds that I otherwise would have counted. The argument would be greatly improved if the outcome included an attempt to rule out this alternative explanation, namely, I walk around on the ground while I wear the shoes, and I float in the air when I take them off. For a solution to be termed a scientific hypothesis, it has to be an idea that can be supported or refuted through carefully crafted experimentation or observation. Singular explanationsthat the butler did it, or that the man was a Marine sergeantare designed to apply to a very specific thing or eventto this particular murder or to that particular mans physical characteristics. observation - question - hypotheses - predictions - results of investigation - conclusions Which are true of a hypothesis? d. a and b. e. a and c. b. in the quest of some nonaggressive goal. Reject explanatory arguments that have unfalsifiable explanations; they are in principle unable to satisfy the first part of the total evidence condition. . . ], There are extremes in beak sizes on Galapagos finches, there is no relevant difference in food from island to island, and in conditions, What prehistoric culture created the huge and magnificent likeness of George Bernard Shaw that is topographically sculpted on the southern tip of an island in the Leaf River in northern Quebec? Muluple Choice Young women purchase fewer meats than women who are 35 years of age or older. WebIntrospection refers to a process by which someone examines ________ as objectively as possible. C. It's correlated, but not causal. Prepare a cost of production report, using the average cost method. WebWhich of the following is an explanatory hypothesis? c. Hypotheses usually are relatively narrow in scope; theories have broad explanatory power. Ensure adequate facilities and space. Which of the following is an explanatory hypothesis? The irrational belief that actions not related by logic to a course of events can influence an outcome. d. causing mental or physical harm to another person regardless of the intent of the act But eventually, confronted by many cases in which there seemed to be no medical reasons for deaths, anthropologists and psychiatrists came to accept it as a pathology in its own right, linked to the victims belief in sorcery. Another good way to check for an improbable outcome is to ask this: Does this outcome rule out the leading alternative explanations? The null hypothesis was a better fit to your data. Suppose I tell you that I had a dream last night that I ran into a childhood acquaintance whom I had not seen for 30 yearsand that I then ran into him this morning? If the explanation leaves too much to mystery, or requires too much of established science to be replaced by less well-established views, then the argument can normally be no better than logically weak. If so, it is probably better to judge the logic of the argument as, at best, undecidable and, at worst, extremely weak. Explanation: Astrology is reliable. A hypothesis is a tentative explanation . How to Think about High Enough Prior Probability of Explanation. Which of the following defines hypothesis? Two kinds of theories have been proposed. Senator Claiborne Pell (D-RI), wrote an alarmed letter to the secretary of defense; he had discovered the word simone (pronounced si-MO-nee) in the secretarys taped speeches, as well as in the speeches of the secretary of state and of the presidentwhen the speeches were played backwards. Organisms can perform many reactions and activities, by acquiring, using, and transforming energy. d. a and b. e. a and c. b. in the quest of some nonaggressive goal. c. Aggression sometimes facilitates performance and sometimes does not. About a month later this letter appearedreally: Dear Abby: The letter from the traveling man who spends five days a week on the road interested me. b. personal beliefs and attitudes d. They see it as part of their role. Explanatory Impotence Explanatory impotence is the opposite of explanatory power. Scientists generally base scientific hypotheses on previous observations that cannot satisfactorily be explained with the available scientific theories. There are two types of hypothesis. Suppose on the camping trip your friend wonders why the water boiled so quickly, and you reply, Because we are at a higher altitude. This is not an argument. And whatever happened to Satcom III, the telecommunications satellite that some say almost crippled the satellite insurance industry? Personal Finance Semester 1 Test - Mrs. Ellio, John Lund, Paul S. Vickery, P. Scott Corbett, Todd Pfannestiel, Volker Janssen, The Language of Composition: Reading, Writing, Rhetoric, Lawrence Scanlon, Renee H. Shea, Robin Dissin Aufses, Eric Hinderaker, James A. Henretta, Rebecca Edwards, Robert O. Self. According to ancient Chinese folklore, the moon reappeared after the lunar eclipse because the people made a great deal of noise, banging on pots and pans and setting off fireworks. Delayed on the way west in 1846, 87 pioneers were stranded in late October by heavy snows in the Sierra. Sales of vegetarian foods vary by season. A relationship between variables in which they increase (or decrease) together. It is conducted to have a better understanding of the existing problem, but will not provide conclusive results. How often do people call an expensive plumber over a faulty shower nozzle when it could be easily unscrewed and replaced with a $5 part? Webe. 3) Sensitivity and responsiveness to the external environment. He has undergone hardship and sickness, as his haggard face says clearly. Suppose Halley had decided to look for confirmation of Newtons celestial mechanics by studying the sun rather than comets and, based on Newton, had confidently predicted that the sun would rise the next day. Which theorist published research related to the psychology of personality? Because the observable outcome rules out the leading alternative explanations, its prior probability is far lower than the anecdotal argumentand thus the argument is logically much stronger. An inactive substance used in controlled experiments to test the effectiveness of another substance; the treatment group receives the substance being tested, and the control group receives the placebo. e. a and c, a. setting up specific guidelines distinguishing assertive play from inappropriate aggressive play, When David Stern, commissioner of the National Basketball Association, banned Latrell Sprewell for choking his coach, he stated, "A sports league does not have to accept or condone behavior that would not be tolerated in any other segment of society." \end{bmatrix} Which of the following describes this pill? That a deductive failure and an inductive success can share the same form reminds us of an important lesson: deductive arguments rely only on the correct form condition, while inductive arguments also have recourse to the total evidence condition. Competition for food among finches on Galapagos causes the extremes in beak sizes. e. none of the above. e. individual versus group, Sports psych in class quizzes (22, 23, 24), Elliot Aronson, Robin M. Akert, Samuel R. Sommers, Timothy D. Wilson, Chapter 17 SB: Infants, Children, and Adolesc. A Guide to Good Reasoning: Cultivating Intellectual Virtues by David Carl Wilson is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License, except where otherwise noted. It makes no statement with respect to causation. The opposition has annoyed them. c. rewarding sportspersonlike behavior Now its been discovered that the icebergs are broken pieces of huge ice shelves that are hundreds of years old, according to a study reported in the, Death and disaster provide a convincing argument that, contrary to the persistent notion, women are not the weaker sex. Statistics and Probability questions and answers, Which of the following is an explanatory hypothesis? For a hypothesis to be a scientific hypothesis, the scientific method requires that one can test it. Deduce what? said he, petulantly. Step 4. When established scientists reject offbeat theories, defenders of such views love to cite these cases. [6] The probability of two consecutive years of success is no higher than .50 times .50, or .25. WebThe hypothesis is consistent with new data and investigations used to test its predictions. Influenced by the confirmation bias, you proposed a number that would confirm your preferred answer. C. An increase in family income leads to an increase in the percentage of income spent on housing. Premise 2 is probably true. WebTranscribed image text: www.bbt.com Our Time.com Cesearch Foundations, Process, and Ethics Savod Which of the following is an explanatory hypothesis? Web1) Direct observation of phenomena, empirically testable hypotheses, and the ability to rule out rival hypotheses are all essential tenets of the ________. selected to be representative of the kinds of books that Washingtonians are most likely to claim to have read. A theory has been extensively tested and is generally accepted among a set of scholars; a hypothesis is a speculative guess that has yet to be tested. WebQuestion: Which of the following is an explanatory hypothesis? For general explanations, a good way to check for simplicity is to ask whether the explanation predicts the smoothest possible curve.In the 17th century, the Italian mathematician Torricelli hypothesized that the Earth was surrounded by a sea of air, which decreased in pressure uniformly as the altitude increased. b. punishing all aggressive play But, as Hempel suggests, that is not all they requirethey require imagination. But if Halley was right about Newtons views, there would be detectable regularitiescertain comets would be found to follow fixed elliptical orbits around the sun. An intellectual activity, encompassing observation, description, experimentation, and explanation of natural phenomena. The deception explanation should often be considered, but it is subject to the same high standards that apply to any other explanatory argument. Which aspect of the scientific method occurs first? B. Newsweek, Sample answer. For a hypothesis to be a scientific hypothesis, the scientific method requires that one can test it. For instance, of 15 Donner Party members who attempted to snowshoe out in late December, all five women survived while eight of the ten men died. 6) Evolutionary adaptation leading to descent with modification over time. correlated, but not causal. 2. It included an account of the physical laws that govern the interactions of the planets, stars, and other heavenly bodies. 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