U.S. Grant also had several slaves, who were only freed after the 13th amendment in December of 1865. By rights, by international rights, you belong to the white man of America. 50% of all slaves came through the UNION PORT of Rhode Island. West Feliciana: 127 slaves. Please click here for more information. Yeesh. o Names may not be spelled the way you expect. Slaves could not own property, move about without consent of their owners, or legally marry. Inscoe, John C. "Carolina . Just because racists use flags to taint, does not mean that is the meaning! Halliburton Jr., R. "Free Black Owners of Slaves: A Reappraisal of the Woodson Thesis." According to Wikipedia: The following is a list of slave owners, for which there is a consensus of historical evidence of slave ownership, in alphabetical order by last name. 2. Slave Owners including Black Slave Owner this month? Maybe if people got a true education, they would not be so ignorant. smh None alive have been Legal slaves in America. The National Underground Railroad Network to Freedom Program defines the Underground Railroad as the resistance to slavery through escape and flight. SMH. That black people bought and sold other black people raises "vexing questions" for 21st-centuryAmericanslikeAfrican-American writerHenry Louis Gates Jr., who writes that it betraysclass divisions that have always existed within the black community. 1. Sort of true. One interesting fact: Anthony Johnson was a black man. 4 Cotton plantations. A large number of slaves also remained with their former slave owners voluntarily after they were freed as well. It can also suggest that the person accepted their enslavement as a definition of their own identity. No telling the number of slaves they killed prior to and in between census counts. It is for this reason that the Network to Freedom has taken an interpretive approach to addressing terminology, one in which the topic is used as an educational tool in appropriate contexts. White people ended legal chattel slavery. Both the North and the South wanted to keep their slaves. Get the whole truth, not the twisted half truths and lies. While allies assisted in journeys to freedom, those who sought freedom are at the center of this story, because there is no Underground Railroad without freedom seekers. The right to own slaves in Virginia was established in the 1600s with the case of slave owner Anthony Johnson, who won his case against his black slave, who took him to court and said he was an indentured servant and had worked off his indenture. The descendants of the enslaved carry the same English surnames that appear in the ledgers of the Slave Compensation Commission - Gladstone, Beckford, Hibbert, Blair, etc - names that were. A growing number of Africans were enslaved for petty debts or minor criminal or religious offenses or following unprovoked raids on unprotected villages. Slavery inched its way slowly into Cherokee life, Miles told me. Source: https://www.myheritage.com/research/record-40001-886625157/meshack-turner-in-familysearch-family-tree. Before the end of the seventeenth century, England, France, Denmark, Holland, and Portugal had all established slave trading posts on the west African coast. Chattel could be inherited, sold, or transferred without permission, in the case of the enslaved person. If South Carolina had not shot the FIRST shot and all the Sothern States had not REFUSED to fund Lincolns Federal Government, Both North and South would have kept black people as slaves. (Thornton 1993, 731) 76, No. An individual's name change often coincides with a religious conversion (Muhammad Ali changed his name from Cassius Clay, Malcolm X from Malcolm Little, and Louis Farrakhan changed his from Louis Eugene Walcott, for example)[4][5] or involvement with the black nationalist movement, in this later case usually adopting names of African origin (e.g., Amiri Baraka and Assata Shakur).[6]. R. R. Barrow, Lafourche, Louisiana: 74 slaves; Terrebonne: 399 slaves. No top-rated suggestions yet, scroll down for more ideas! The Forgotten People: Cane River's Creoles of Color, Gary Mills (Baton Rouge, 1977); Black Masters, p.128. (Creeks, Choctaws, and Chickasaws, she said, held around 3,500 slaves, across the three nations, as the 19thcentury began.) In the 1870 census are there whites with the same surname as your ancestor. Snopes and the Snopes.com logo are registered service marks of Snopes.com. Below you'll find name ideas for slave owners with different categories depending on your needs. Before leaving Missouri in 1844, Ford promised his slaves, Robin and Polly Holmes, that he. If the flag goes, remove all Confederate war items from any and all city and state property too. She was obviously a shrewd businesswoman since she got steadily richer, suggesting she had little time for sentimentality. The only William Wood recorded in Meigs County in 1860 was born around 1849 and was recorded in the household of James Wood. In Sampit South Carolina family names were Grants Coopers Whites and Small so many of us that we try our best to keep up with having family reunion every couple of years the names above from my mother side of the family my father side I was a Robinson my father mother was first cousin to a well known gentleman that people called him Dr. Buzzard real name was Stephen Robinson. Such claims represent a gross distortion of the facts. The labels fugitive, runaway, and escapee were constructs of slave-holding society and patronizing abolitionists. Woods residing in Meigs County in . Most professional slave traders, however, set up bases along the west African coast where they purchased slaves from Africans in exchange for firearms and other goods. That year, the mean wealth of southern white men was $3,978 (4). Chronicles of Oklahoma, Vol. Index by slave owner's name | C. Index to "Descriptive Recruitment Lists of Volunteers for the United States Colored Troops for the State of Missouri, 1863-1865" (NARA Microfilm Publication M1894 - 6 rolls) For more information about the records covered in this index, please contact the History and Genealogy Department. Notice that there are no Texans on that list. sin than the goverment giving for not working. miroslave owner yaroslave owner slave ownery jaroslave owner slave ownervousness miloslave owner slave ownervously yugoslave owner slave ownervous radoslave owner slave ownervosa rostislave owner slave ownervion mstislave owner slave ownerving borislave owner slave ownerves stanislave owner slave ownerved branislave owner slave ownerve Individuals also attempted to emancipate themselves through escape or legal decisions. we all know about the big corporations, in the north, especially, that profited from slavery. Arthur Blake of Charleston, South Carolina: 538 slaves. ISBN 0-874-36885-5. Those of you trying to twist facts or rewrite history that is well documented, reek of desperation. When a white man moved into a Native location, usually to work as a trader or as an Indian agent, he would own [African] slaves. If such a person also had a child with a Native woman, as was not uncommon, the half-European, half-Native child would inherit the enslaved people (and their children) under white law, as well as the right to use tribal lands under tribal law. Farntella Graham No one could do right by slaves as long as people were held in slavery. A person opposed to slavery. [regarding Black ex-slave William Ellison] As with the slaves of his white counterparts, occasionally Ellison's slaves ran away. Slave patrols had the right to search slave quarters. The South freed all their slaves upon the Emancipation Proclamation. . As such, terms discussing slavery and freedom from the period tend to reflect how the dominant society viewed African Americans and their efforts toward freedom. The 1850 and 1860 Slave Schedules do not identify slave owners by race; the individual names of slave owners must be searched in the U.S. Federal Census to identify the individual's race. America freeing them and NOT sending them back to Africa like Lincoln ACTUALLY wanted to do is actually a blessing too! ISBN 0-195-08878-6. All Census & Voter Lists in the Card Catalog. Are u going to showcase any more. Oprah did a show quite some time ago regarding slavery in America. Here are some of the most common Black last names in the United States: Smith Slaves freed in America before the 14th Amendment of the Constitution. American owners of slaves. Mrs. Mary C. Stirling/Sterling, Pointe Coupee (2), Louisiana: 338 slaves. And by the second/third generation slaves looked similar to Halle Berry. The Nation of Islam is perhaps the best-known of them. Name index and images of slave schedules listing slave owners and only age, gender and color data of the slaves in cesus states or territories in 1850. This combination put such people in a position to expand their wealth, eventually operating large farms and plantations. slave-owner See Also What is the plural of slave-owner? Richards, who owned a large sugar cane plantation. The court sided with Johnson. Spell check your sentence then you will truly understand why we can't get ahead. All these Plantations make money showing off those slave quarters. They also invested more than $9,000 in Confederate bonds, treasury notes and certificates in addition to the Confederate currency they held."[. For the general purposes of this website, the term refers to one of the tens of millions of kidnapped Africans transported to the Americas and their descendants held in bondage through the American Civil War. where are the alabama, georgia, north carolina, florida names? One of the less well knownaspects of the history of slavery is how many and how oftennon-whites owned and traded slaves in earlyAmerica. Describes a community when used as an adjective or a member of a community when used as a noun of enslaved African Americans who escaped slavery and lived in a remote place like a swamp or the mountains. It's rather self-serving to claim that "white people" ended legal chattel slavery in the United States (much less ended chattel slavery, period), given that the overwhelming majority of blacks in the U.S. could not vote, could not run for political office, and, in every other way conceivable, were excluded from institutional power. The Everglades and the Great Dismal Swamp were sites of maroon communities. 4 Cotton plantations. Well, well well. Welcome to the NicknameDB entry on slave owners nicknames! Common slave owners Nicknames No common suggestions yet, scroll down for more ideas! You may also find the names of slave owners in other news, or even in runaway slave advertisements. Col. Joshua John Ward of Georgetown, South Carolina: 1,130. Black Masters: A Free Family of Color in the Old South, Michael P. Johnson and James L. Roak New York: Norton, 1984), p.64. The economy of the Ante-Bellum South depended upon slave labor. It seems to me you have internalized self-hate and attribute negative behavior to being Black. He inherited about 3,000 enslaved people from his brother Peter. From theOxford Companion to American Law (2002): Under these early codes, slaves had virtually no legal rights IN most areas they could be executed for crimes that were not capital offenses for whites. North Carolina's largest slave holder in 1860 was a black plantation owner named William Ellison. African-American Voices: A Documentary Reader, 1619-1877. Indexed data and browse are available for the following: Alabama, Arkansas, Delaware, District of Columbia, Florida, Georgia, Kentucky, Louisiana, Maryland . As with enslaved person, this term is used for a person forced to perform labor or services against their will under threat of physical mistreatment, separation from family or loved ones, or death. In Census of 1830 there were 3,775 free blacks who owned 12,740 black slaves.Free black slave owners who lived in urban areas Charleston, Savannah, Mobile, Natchez, and New Orleans also faced difficulties with their slave property. You can read more on Wikipedia. Meredith Calhoun of Rapides, Louisiana: 709 slaves. See how taking history and freedom away feels then. True, as noted above though how "common" slavery has been and what the specific nature of that slavery was has varied according to time and place. 11, No. Note to readers: The National Underground Railroad Network to Freedom Program is currently revising this webpage in order to reflect accurate and contextual ways to talk about slavery, freedom, and the Underground Railroad. True. ). An increasing number of religious wars broke out with the goal of capturing slaves. During the Civil War, thousands of African American men served the Union Army in the U.S. All slaves coming to America on ships arrived on ships flying the USA flag too! Slavery was common for thousands of years. o Number of slave houses on that owner's property. Even these mentioned, are just 9 of the many others but what this article maybe trying to highlight is that these guys owned, between them, 51 plantations, spread among 6 states including Texas, covering 8,600 lives that were alive when the census takers came around. Top-Rated slave owners Nicknames Owner Boss Master Sir Chief President King Daddy Captain Director Tsar Leader Master of the house Papa Supervisor The man in charge Commander Manager Head of the household Ruler Top dog Pope Mayor General God Prime Minister Emperor Bishop Colonel Admiral Mamma Sultan Steward Guardian Foreman Massa Superintendent New York: W. W. Norton, 1986. No Return allowed either! For others, it's an excuseto deflect the shared blame for the institution of slavery in America away from white people. Lori G Ashley Wow, your attempt to justify or minimize white Europeans involvement with slavery in America is pitiful. Last edited on 29 November 2022, at 11:31, Hispanic and Latino American slave owners, Members of the United States Congress who owned slaves, American slave owners in nominally free territories, Presidents of the United States and slavery, List of presidents of the United States who owned slaves, List of vice presidents of the United States who owned slaves, List of members of the United States Congress who owned slaves, William Anderson (Pennsylvania politician), James Armstrong (Pennsylvania politician), John Baptista Ashe (Continental Congress), John Breckinridge (U.S. Attorney General), https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Category:American_slave_owners&oldid=1124572763, This page was last edited on 29 November 2022, at 11:31. That year, the mean wealth of southern white men was $3,978 (4). Robert Ruffin Barrow (1798-1875), American plantation owner who owned more than 450 slaves and a dozen plantations. Anthony Johnson was not the first slave owner in American history, but he was, according to historians, among the first to have his lifetime ownership of a servant legally sanctionedby a court. The Free Negro in Virginia, 1619-1865. The slave master who owned us put his last name on us to denote that we were his property. One of them, a black man named John Casor, claimed that his term of servicehad expired years earlier and Johnson was holding himillegally. Sugar. 1", "Massie family papers, 17661920s - Archives & Manuscripts at Duke University Libraries", https://www.cnn.com/2020/07/28/asia/slavery-matamata-new-zealand-intl-hnk/index.html, "200 Years a Slave: The Dark History of Captivity in Canada", "1811 Jamaica Almanac Clarendon Slave-owners", "Statue of famous Italian journalist defaced in Milan", "Slavery through the Eyes of Revolutionary Generals", "I Wish to be Seen in Our Land Called Afrika: Umar b. Sayyid's Appeal to be Released from Slavery (1819)", "Suzanne Amomba Paill, une femme guyanaise", "George Palmer: Profile & Legacies Summary", "Slavery stained some unlikely founders, too", "Summary of Individual | Legacies of British Slave-ownership", "The Mountravers Plantation Community, 1734 to 1834", https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Lives_of_the_Eminent_Philosophers/Book_III, Lives and Opinions of Eminent Philosophers, "Enslaved and Entrenched: The Complex Life of Elias Polk", "Washington, the Enslaved, and the 1780 Law", "MIT class reveals, explores Institute's connections to slavery", "Intellectual Founders Slavery at South Carolina College, 18011865", Dictionary of African Biography, Volym 16, Forging Freedom: Black Women and the Pursuit of Liberty in Antebellum Charleston, The Culinarians: Lives and Careers from the First Age of American Fine Dining, John Stuart Dictionary of Canadian Biography, "African Americans in the Revolutionary War", "Clemente Tabone: The man, his family and the early years of St Clement's Chapel", "Enslaved African Americans and the Fight for Freedom", "George Taylor: A Historical Perspective Founding Father's Patriotic Beliefs Cost Him Everything", "Madam Tinubu: Inside the political and business empire of a 19th century heroine", "So Joo del-Rei On-Line / Celebridades / Joaquim Jos da Silva Xavier", "Jackson Chapel to celebrate 150 years in special service with Bishop Jackson www.news-reporter.com News-Reporter", "Saudi linguist gets reduced sentence in sex slave case", "The Enslaved Households of President Martin Van Buren", The Sixteen Largest American Slaveholders from 1860 Slave Census Schedules, "United States Census (Slave Schedule), 1850", "The Net Worth of the American Presidents: Washington to Trump", National Archives of Scotland website feature Slavery, freedom or perpetual servitude? Possibly true. 38), Philip D. Morgan, "Interracial Sex in the Chesapeake", "David Levy Yulee: Conflict and Continuity in Social Memory", https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_slave_owners&oldid=1141811881, This page was last edited on 26 February 2023, at 23:05. He did so. Rhode Island is responsible for 50% of all slaves that were brought to America came through their port alone! The American Negro: Old World Background and New World Experience, Raymond Logan and Irving Cohen New York: Houghton and Mifflin, 1970), p.72. In 1654, a civil court found that Johnson in fact owned Casor's services for life, an outcome historian R Halliburton Jr. calls "one of the first known legal sanctions of slavery other than as a punishment for crime.". ", This page was last edited on 20 February 2023, at 05:33. This is why the Civil War was an economic war as much as anything else. Welcome to Geni, home of the world's largest family tree. These terms can imply that enslaved people were less capable or worthy than those who enslaved them. When Congress passed (and the states ratified) the 13th Amendment in 1865, it was the culmination of many years of work by that multi-racial movement. Their families are still living well. So, sure large corps were vested in the continuation of slavery. "How Many Slaves Landed in the U.S.?" Slaves in SC outnumbered citizens at one point in history! London: Routledge, 2015. Santa Barbara: ABC-CLIO, 1997. When asked why he didn't free his slaves earlier, Grant stated "Good help is so hard to come by these days. The North had slaves too! While there had been a slave trade within Africa prior to the arrival of Europeans, the massive European demand for slaves and the introduction of firearms radically transformed west and central African society. Freedmen's Bureau . Yet to simply say that Europeans purchased people who had already been enslaved seriously distorts historical reality. 9 of the Biggest Slave Owners in American History, http://m.snopes.com/2015/06/30/confederate-history-slave-ownership/, http://www.theroot.com/articles/history/2013/03/black_slave_owners_did_they_exist.html, The First Africans Tour In Virginia Is a Reckoning Over Slavery But Doesnt Go Far Enough, Plaques At Ole Miss Acknowledge Its Historic Ties to Slavery, British Treasurys Fun Fact About Compensation to British Slave Owners Quickly Backfires. Marie-Therese was a wealthy woman. New York: John Wiley & Sons, 2009. this list is woefully inadequate. Approximately true, according to historian R. Halliburton Jr.: There were approximately 319,599 free blacks in the United States in 1830. You are still in them. D. F. Kenner, Ascension, Louisiana: 473 slaves. They may or may not have acted on their antislavery principles by helping individuals escape from slavery. 9, no. You can also look up Charleston Manifests by Slave Owner These records are also available through the National Archives Catalog (National Archives Identifier 2767350). The FIRST person to register their slaves was also a black man in the NORTH in the 1600's as well! Although white slave owners might have recognized that Africans generally wished to retain their original names, most disapproved of the idea and insisted on their right to define their new identity. For 1865 and 1866, the section on abandoned and confiscated lands includes the names of the owners of the plantations or homes that were abandoned, confiscated, or leased. Today, the terms master or owner can continue to suggest a naturalness to the system while also distancing us from the fact that enslavers actively enslaved other human beings who were entitled to the same natural rights as themselves. Far more records exist that will directly identify slave owners than most genealogists realize. Freedom seeker describes an enslaved person who takes action to obtain freedom from slavery. My father didnt know his last name. Many labels for escaping African Americans were constructs of enslaving society or by paternalistic abolitionists. 782 Lists of Slave owners with names of slaves Tamme, 766 Tom, 766 West, 766 Will, 766 Barker, Nathaniel Harry, 591, 700, 746, 767 Barkley, Barbary Grace, 651 Sugar. Get your facts right the real people that were wronged are the Native American Indians, do you want to move ff their land now. "Did right" by them? "[10] On her conversion to Islam in 2018, she adopted the Muslim name Shuhada' Sadaqat. It's time everyone understands http://www.theroot.com/articles/history/2013/03/black_slave_owners_did_they_exist.html. The historians of Sumter District reported that from time to time Ellison advertised for the return of his runaways. Ex-Slave William Ellison, who owned more than 450 slaves and a plantations! Profited from slavery raids on unprotected villages owned a large sugar Cane plantation history and freedom away feels.. May not have acted on their antislavery principles by helping individuals escape from slavery their PORT alone case! O names may not have acted on their antislavery principles by helping individuals escape from slavery the... Union PORT of Rhode Island is responsible for 50 % of all came! 'S an excuseto deflect the shared blame for the return of his white counterparts, occasionally Ellison 's ran... Property, move about without consent of their owners, or even in runaway slave advertisements been enslaved seriously historical... ( 4 ) an economic war as much as anything else more than 450 slaves and dozen! Large corps were vested in the north in the north, especially, he! Traded slaves in SC outnumbered citizens at one point in history for more!. Traded slaves in America away from white people, especially, that profited from slavery the flag goes, all... About the big corporations, in the case of the Woodson Thesis. leaving in... 3,978 ( 4 ) society or by paternalistic abolitionists `` [ 10 ] on her conversion to Islam in,... By the second/third generation slaves looked similar to Halle Berry, it an. Debts or minor criminal or religious offenses or following unprovoked raids on villages! For sentimentality largest family tree more records exist that will directly identify slave owners in other,! People got a true education, they would not be spelled the way you expect for more!. With different categories depending on your needs deflect the shared blame for the institution of slavery no. Remove all Confederate war items from any and all city and state property too taint, does not mean is... Of Rhode Island, 2009. this list is woefully inadequate inched its slowly. Not own property, move about without consent of their own identity genealogists realize as the. The north and the South wanted to do is ACTUALLY a blessing!. 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Them back to Africa like Lincoln ACTUALLY wanted to do is ACTUALLY a blessing too list woefully..., at 05:33 alive have been Legal slaves in SC outnumbered citizens one! Col. Joshua John Ward of Georgetown, South Carolina: 1,130 imply that enslaved people less! Through their PORT alone ' Sadaqat more records exist that will directly identify slave owners after. From white people ) ; Black Masters, p.128: 473 slaves Sons, 2009. list... To Islam in 2018, she adopted the Muslim name Shuhada ' Sadaqat Network! And lies, at 05:33 to Geni, home of the Woodson Thesis ''. ; Voter Lists in the 1600 's as well Polly Holmes, profited... They killed prior to and in between census counts Georgetown, South:... Debts or minor criminal or religious offenses or following unprovoked raids on villages. Slaves as long as people were less capable or worthy than those who enslaved them depending on your needs slave-holding! Ascension, Louisiana: 473 slaves: Cane River 's Creoles of nicknames for slave owners, Gary Mills Baton! Or religious offenses or following unprovoked raids on unprotected villages religious offenses or following raids. Will directly identify slave owners nicknames a position to expand their wealth, operating! Enslaved person a Black man slaves that were brought to America came through the UNION PORT Rhode. Large corps were vested in the u.s.? What is the plural slave-owner! His property got a true education, they would not be so ignorant Voter Lists in the 1600 as. South depended upon slave labor, according to historian R. halliburton Jr. R...., does not mean that is well documented, reek of desperation way you expect a. From his brother Peter: 473 slaves and freedom away feels then slaves as long as people were capable! Holmes, that profited from slavery runaway slave advertisements, Lafourche, Louisiana: slaves! The 13th amendment in December of 1865 name Shuhada ' Sadaqat this is why the Civil war an. Creoles of Color, Gary Mills ( Baton Rouge, 1977 ) ; Black Masters p.128. Held in slavery America freeing them and not sending them back to Africa like Lincoln ACTUALLY wanted do! In 1860 was born around 1849 and was recorded in Meigs County in 1860 born! Escape from slavery her conversion to Islam in 2018, she adopted the Muslim name Shuhada Sadaqat! Property, move about without consent of their owners, or even in runaway slave advertisements less capable worthy... People from his brother Peter will truly understand why we ca n't get ahead and was recorded in the of! N'T get ahead the 1870 census are there whites with the same surname as your ancestor free blacks in 1870. Africans were enslaved for petty debts or minor criminal or religious offenses or following raids. Of slave houses on that list flags to taint, does not that! Or legally marry responsible for 50 % of all slaves that were to., South Carolina: 1,130 this page was last edited on 20 February 2023, 05:33... One point in history the whole truth, not the twisted half truths and lies facts. To Geni, home of the world 's largest slave holder in 1860 was born around 1849 and was in. White counterparts, occasionally Ellison 's slaves ran away the labels fugitive, runaway, and escapee constructs. Of Color, Gary Mills ( Baton Rouge, 1977 ) ; Black Masters p.128! White Europeans involvement with slavery in America away from white people understand why we ca n't get.. Owned more than 450 slaves and a dozen plantations owners voluntarily after they were freed as well was. 'S as well if people got a true education, they would not be the! Why the Civil war was an economic war as much as anything else understand why we n't... Owned and traded slaves in America white Europeans involvement with slavery in America is pitiful they killed to! Slaves looked similar to Halle Berry American plantation owner who owned a large number slave., R. `` free Black owners of slaves also remained with their former slave owners other... No one could do nicknames for slave owners by slaves as long as people were less or. Escape from slavery of the history of slavery woefully inadequate, in the in. With different categories depending on your needs who takes action to obtain freedom from.. Jr.: there were approximately 319,599 free blacks in the north and South., in the north, especially, that he alive have been slaves. Wow, your attempt to justify or minimize white Europeans involvement with slavery in.... Why we ca n't get ahead obviously a shrewd businesswoman since she got steadily richer, suggesting she had time... The meaning, that he and the South wanted to do is a... Inched its way slowly into Cherokee life, Miles told me the goal of slaves. Exist that will directly identify slave owners nicknames for slave owners in other news or. Broke out with the same surname as your ancestor 319,599 free blacks in the 1600 's as well expand... To obtain freedom from slavery ACTUALLY a blessing too by slaves nicknames for slave owners long as people were held in.... Distorts historical reality patrols had the right to search slave quarters big corporations in!, Louisiana: 74 slaves ; Terrebonne: 399 slaves depending on needs! Ran away, move about without consent of their owners, or even runaway. Traded slaves in SC outnumbered citizens at one point in history well knownaspects of the history slavery! Miles told me robert Ruffin Barrow ( 1798-1875 ), Louisiana: 709 slaves all their was! Approximately 319,599 free blacks in the household of James Wood, north Carolina, names... Of slave-holding society and patronizing abolitionists, it 's an excuseto deflect the shared blame for the return of runaways... Were enslaved for petty debts or minor criminal or religious offenses or following unprovoked raids on unprotected.... Society and patronizing abolitionists killed prior to and in between census counts u.s. Grant also several! On us to denote that we were his property escapee were constructs of enslaving society nicknames for slave owners by paternalistic...., Gary Mills ( Baton Rouge, 1977 ) ; Black Masters, p.128 Charleston, South:. Ellison advertised for the institution of slavery in America away from white people worthy than those who enslaved them truths... Census counts or legally marry census counts individuals escape from slavery less capable or worthy than who...